(一) 語(yǔ) 態(tài) 分 類(lèi)
英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài).，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。如：
They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動(dòng))
A new bridge will be built over the river. (被動(dòng))
漢語(yǔ)中常用“被”、“給”、“由”、“受”等詞用來(lái)表示被動(dòng)，而英語(yǔ)用：
助動(dòng)詞be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。
(二) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)、人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化
主要體現(xiàn)在be的變化上，其形式與系動(dòng)詞be的變化形式完全一樣。以 give 為例，列表如下：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am / is / are + done
一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was / were + done
一般將來(lái)時(shí)：shall / will + be done
一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：should / would + be done
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am / is / are + being + done
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was / were + being + done
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have / has + been + done
過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had + been + done
將來(lái)完成時(shí)：shall / will + have been + done
過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)：should / would + have been + done
［注］被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)沒(méi)有將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。
(三)常見(jiàn)的八種時(shí)態(tài)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：
(1)People grow rice in the south of the country.
Rice is grown in the south of the country.
2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：
(1)They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.
The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.
3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)：
(1)They will send cars abroad by sea.
Cars will be sent abroad by sea.
4. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：
(1)The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.
5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：
(1)The radio is broadcasting English lessons.
English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.
6. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：
(1)The workers were mending the road.
The road was being mended.
7. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
(1)Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off.
I have been told the sports meeting might be put off.
8. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：
(1)When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.
(四） 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be+ 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。
(1)You must hand in your compositions after class.
Your compositions must be handed in after class.
(五) 被 動(dòng) 語(yǔ) 態(tài) 的 使 用
1.當(dāng)不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用by 短語(yǔ)。
“Mr. White, the cup was broken after class. ”
2.突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，如果需要說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用by 短語(yǔ)。
These records were made by John Denver.
The cup was broken by Paul.
3.當(dāng)漢語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)既不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，這時(shí)常用in + 名詞作狀語(yǔ)，而代替 by 短語(yǔ)。
These cars were made in China.
(六)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法
（1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)
→ I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.
主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)
（2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers.
→ A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.
1.把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。
2.把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的be + 過(guò)去分詞，時(shí)態(tài)要與原句保持一致。
3.把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)榻樵~by 的賓語(yǔ)，放在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)里謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，by 短語(yǔ)可以省略。如果原句主語(yǔ)是地點(diǎn)名詞，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中用in + 地點(diǎn)名詞作狀語(yǔ)。
(七)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)所注意的問(wèn)題
1. 把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與新主語(yǔ)保持一致。
We have bought a new computer.
A new computer has been bought. (正確)
A new computer have been bought. (錯(cuò)誤)
2. 含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)，一般變間接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ)時(shí)比較多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接賓語(yǔ)(指物)改為主語(yǔ)，則在間接賓語(yǔ)(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說(shuō)：
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意：1.一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，常在間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞 to，如：
bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
(1) The book was showed to the class.
(2) My bike was lent to her.
2.一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞 for, 如：
build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。
(1) A new skirt was made for me.
(2) The meat was cooked for us.
(3) Some country music was played for us.
3. 由動(dòng)詞+ 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開(kāi)或漏掉。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：
不及物動(dòng)詞+ 介詞，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。
The patient is being operated on.
The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.
及物動(dòng)詞+ 副詞：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。
His request was turned down.
The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather
4. 帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)+ 賓補(bǔ))的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面。如：
(1) We always keep the classroom clean.
→The classroom is always kept clean.
(2) She told us to follow her instructions.
→We were told to follow her instructions.
注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后都帶to，這時(shí)不定式為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，也就是說(shuō)不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)不存在省略to 的問(wèn)題。
We often hear him play the guitar.
→He is often heard to play the guitar.
5. 當(dāng)主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時(shí)，被動(dòng)句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody, 作by的賓語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
Nobody can answer this question.
誤：The question can be answered by nobody.
正：The question can not be answered by anybody.
6. 當(dāng)否定句中的賓語(yǔ)是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時(shí)，在被動(dòng)句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
They haven't done anything to make the river clean.
誤：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.
正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.
7. 以who為主語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句，變被動(dòng)時(shí)，用by whom放在句首：
Who wrote the story?
誤：Who was the story written?
正：By whom was the story written?
8. 有些動(dòng)詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時(shí)，表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動(dòng)詞，用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)，這時(shí)不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，常見(jiàn)的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：
(1)The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。
(2)The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷(xiāo)。
對(duì)比：
The books sell well. (主動(dòng)句)
The books were sold out. (被動(dòng)句)
The meat didn’t cook well. (主動(dòng)句)
The meat was cooked for a long time. (被動(dòng)句)
9. 下列情況主動(dòng)句不能改為被動(dòng)句：
第一，感官系動(dòng)詞一般用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。
第二，謂語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：
He entered the room and got his book.
誤：The room was entered and his book was got.
She had her hand burned.
誤：Her hand was had burned.
第三，一些不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：
The fire broke out in the capital building.
誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building.
第四，不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。
When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.
誤：The sun had already been risen.
After the earthquake, few houses remained.
誤：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.
第五，賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語(yǔ)，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句子的主語(yǔ)，如：
I taught myself English.
誤：Myself was taught English.
We love each other.
誤：Each other is loved.
10. 在漢語(yǔ)中，有一類(lèi)句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示，例如：
據(jù)說(shuō)…… It is said that …
據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)…… It is reported that …
據(jù)推測(cè)…… It is supposed that …
希望…… It is hoped that …
眾所周知…… It is well known that …
普遍認(rèn)為…… It is generally considered that …
有人建議…… It is suggested that …
1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.
2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.
