（一）閱讀是獲得更綜合、更復(fù)雜、更精確信息的必要手段，考生在做閱讀理解時(shí)，不僅要看懂文章的字面意思，還需要針對(duì)不同題材和體裁的篇目運(yùn)用不同的方法作出正確的選擇。一般來說，詞匯、閱讀速度和理解能力是閱讀理解中三個(gè)最重要且有相互聯(lián)系的因素。   

閱讀的方法可以使用以下幾種： 

1.跳讀：就是快速的一步閱讀法。實(shí)際上是有選擇閱讀，找關(guān)鍵詞。用這種閱讀方法回答who、what、when、where之類的問題最為有效。 

2.略讀：指比跳讀慢些的二步閱讀法。即泛泛地、粗略地快速閱讀，目的是了解大意，對(duì)文章有個(gè)總的概念。此種閱讀方法能回答why、how之類的問題。 

3.精讀：即最細(xì)致、最慢的深層閱讀方法，目的是求得對(duì)所讀文章的全部意義的理解與掌握。          

在使用閱讀技巧時(shí)盡量做到以下幾點(diǎn)：   

1.帶著問題閱讀短文。                2.找出主題句、確定中心思想。 

3.推斷單詞、句子和文章的含義。      4.盡快選擇答案。   

（二）不同體裁文章的特點(diǎn)及解題技巧   

1.記敘文 

    記敘文又可分傳記類和故事類。 傳記類文章在閱讀中時(shí)間是全文的關(guān)鍵，根據(jù)時(shí)間我們可以找到相關(guān)的事件，抓住文章的主要內(nèi)容。故事類文章情節(jié)性較強(qiáng)，閱讀時(shí)要注意故事中的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物和發(fā)生的事件，這些都是文章中的主要內(nèi)容和信息，對(duì)于準(zhǔn)確理解文章十分重要。 

2.說明文

     說明文是對(duì)事物的形狀、性質(zhì)、特征、成果或功用等進(jìn)行介紹，解釋或闡述的文章。把握所說明事物的特征和本質(zhì)是理解說明文的關(guān)鍵。說明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定義法、解釋法、比較法、比喻法、數(shù)字法、圖表法、引用法和舉例法等。 

l        數(shù)字說明文 

 在閱讀數(shù)字說明文時(shí)要特別注意文中數(shù)字的含義，從這些數(shù)字中可以找到文章的主要內(nèi)容。 

l        解釋說明文 

解釋說明文著重說明事物的本質(zhì)、特征和功用等。許多科普文章都屬于這一類。在閱讀這類文章時(shí)要學(xué)會(huì)解決what, how, why 等一類的問題。它們是文章的關(guān)鍵。如能帶著這些問題閱讀，將會(huì)更迅速抓住文章的主題。   

l        比較說明文 

比較說明文是通過對(duì)比方法說明問題。在閱讀這類文章時(shí)要善于把握全篇陳述的基本傾向。作者在談?wù)撘粋€(gè)有爭議的問題時(shí)總要顧及到爭議的各個(gè)方面。但是，在一般情況下，作者的陳述總要傾向于某一種觀點(diǎn)。  

3.應(yīng)用文 

應(yīng)用文涉及的范圍比較廣，包括廣告、通知、書信等。應(yīng)用文一般語言簡潔，省略及不規(guī)范的句子較多。閱讀時(shí)一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息，并運(yùn)用這些信息去解決問題。因此對(duì)題干的理解尤為重要。

     閱讀理解的考題分為客觀理解題(是指在短文中客觀存在的事實(shí)，客觀信息的答案一般都可以在原文中找到。即理解文中的具體事實(shí)或抽象概念)和主觀理解題(這類問題都不可能直接從原文中找到答案，須通過閱讀文章對(duì)文章主旨和深層含義有更深理解，并據(jù)此進(jìn)行判斷和推理)。其中細(xì)節(jié)理解題和猜測詞義題屬于客觀題；主旨大意題和推理判斷題屬于主觀題。針對(duì)不同類型的題目，要在平時(shí)的練習(xí)過程中，結(jié)合具體的題目，給學(xué)生進(jìn)行解題方法的指導(dǎo)和講解。對(duì)于客觀題，要提醒他們閱讀時(shí)關(guān)注文章的細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或一些具體數(shù)字，在選擇答案時(shí)，務(wù)必從原文中找到確切的依據(jù)。

    我們可將閱讀理解歸納為以下四大題型，根據(jù)閱讀理解題考查角度的不同，可采用不同的解題技巧來應(yīng)付。

Ⅰ.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

    屬于細(xì)節(jié)類型的閱讀理解題一般只針對(duì)某個(gè)特定的細(xì)節(jié)，題型可以多種多樣。此類題型一般分兩種。第一種是直接理解題，在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二種是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換題，正確選項(xiàng)是原文有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換。做此類試題一定要抓住事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、發(fā)展過程和結(jié)局等環(huán)節(jié)，所選答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生義。這類題型的主要提問方式常為：

①Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?

②Which of the following statements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passage?

③Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

④All the following statements are NOT true except          .

    細(xì)節(jié)題的破解一般采用尋讀法，即先看試題，再讀文章。對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對(duì)比，有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。此法加強(qiáng)了閱讀的針對(duì)性，提高了做題的準(zhǔn)確率，節(jié)省了寶貴的時(shí)間。尋讀法還特別適用于對(duì)圖形表格類題材的理解。做此類型的題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關(guān)系。英語中有許多功能詞，如：表因果關(guān)系的because, since, as等；表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。

Ⅱ.猜測詞義題

    在高考閱讀題中，考生遇到的最大障礙往往有兩個(gè)：一是被已認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞的某一熟知含義所誤導(dǎo)；二是被完全不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞的意思所阻礙，從而出現(xiàn)理解偏差或理解困難，影響閱讀的速度。其實(shí)解決這兩個(gè)困難的一個(gè)重要法寶是考生在心目中樹立起上下文觀念，要學(xué)會(huì)"順藤摸瓜"，通過構(gòu)詞，語法，定義，同位，對(duì)比，因果，常識(shí)，上下文等線索確定詞義。在閱讀解題時(shí)要注意從以下七個(gè)方面著手：

1）根據(jù)定義或解釋、說明猜測生詞的詞義

在be，be called，call等判斷詞出現(xiàn)的判斷句中，或定語從句及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，可以根據(jù)已知部分，猜測生詞的含義。例如： The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通過理解定語從句的意思，能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。

2）根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測生詞的詞義

在but，however，yet，otherwise，though這些表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞出現(xiàn)的句子中，其前后的詞有明顯對(duì)比關(guān)系，根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容，通過這種對(duì)比關(guān)系，就很容易猜出生詞的詞義了。例如： Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相對(duì)的便是“骯臟的”了，因此可猜出句中g(shù)rubby的意思是“骯臟的”。

3）通過因果關(guān)系猜測詞義

because, since與as是連接原因狀語從句的從屬連詞，so是連接表示結(jié)果的狀語從句的連詞，so...that與such...that中的that是連接結(jié)果狀語從句的。當(dāng)這些信息詞出現(xiàn)在有生詞的句子中，通過因果關(guān)系，依據(jù)已知部分就能猜出生詞的詞義。例如：She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根據(jù)because從句所講的意思，我們就可推測trim就是“修剪”之意。

4）根據(jù)生活常識(shí)猜測詞義

運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力，自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及生活常識(shí)。再聯(lián)系上下文能讀懂的部分，可以正確猜出詞義。例如：Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根據(jù)句子意思及生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)，wither表示“枯萎”。

5）根據(jù)同等關(guān)系猜測詞義

同等關(guān)系，指的是一個(gè)詞，一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分，而且它們的詞義都屬于同一范疇。明顯的標(biāo)志是，這樣的詞組或短語中間常常用并列連詞and或or來連接。例如： At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 從“年齡42歲”以及與prime具有同等關(guān)系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年時(shí)期”。

6）根據(jù)列舉的事例猜測詞義

You can take any of the periodicals: “The World of English”. “Foreign Language Teaching in Schools”, or “English Learning”. 從后面列舉的例子中，可以猜出periodical是“期刊，雜志”的意思。

7）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)猜測詞義

根據(jù)學(xué)過的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，知道詞根和前綴或后綴的意義，就可猜出由它們組成的新詞詞義。例如在2006年福建的高考題文章中有這樣一句：

    The schools are reluctant to take off — even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.

A.kind  B.unwilling  C. free  D.careless    【解題思路】通過破折號(hào)可知正確答案為B.

Ⅲ.推理判斷題

做這類題要求考生在閱讀理解整體語篇的同時(shí)，又要求學(xué)生對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度去考慮，不要固守自己的看法或觀點(diǎn)。不要主觀臆斷，憑空想象，任意發(fā)揮，而走入誤區(qū)。學(xué)生要學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用主題句去推測、揣摩文字背后作者的意圖，運(yùn)用歸納、對(duì)比、演繹技能，運(yùn)用背景知識(shí)去挖掘文章深層含義，從而正確理解作者的言外之意，同時(shí)認(rèn)真體會(huì)文章的語氣與感情基調(diào)(如：否定、厭惡、反問、諷刺等)。這類試題常以如下句式發(fā)問：
①What can you conclude/ imply from this passage?
②What’s the author’s attitude（態(tài)度）towards...?

③We can infer /learn from the passage that...

如： Once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory. The workers could do nothing but turn to a German engineer for help, who drew a line on it and said, “Take off the part where the line is and change it for a new one. ”The machine, with a new line on, began running well again. The engineer then asked for $ 30,000 for what he had done. The following were what he wrote on a bill, “The new part only costs one dollar, and knowing where the problem with the machine is costs $ 29,999.”

Q: What can you conclude from this passage?
A. the engineer asked for too much money      B. the workers should pay the money
C. the knowledge is worth money             D. the new part could cost more

   這篇短文是作者講的一個(gè)故事，那么通過這個(gè)故事我們可以判斷出什么呢？雖然作者沒有言明，但是我們可以斷定，發(fā)現(xiàn)問題的所在需要智慧和知識(shí)，知識(shí)是創(chuàng)造價(jià)值的源泉，因此此題的正確答案應(yīng)為C。

Ⅳ.主旨大意題

這種題型要求考生能夠把握文章的總體，并真正理解主題和中心；要求能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法解題，難度較大，屬于高層次題。

一般主旨大意題可以分為兩類：

1．確定文章的標(biāo)題和主題(title or topic)

標(biāo)題位于文章之首，用來高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點(diǎn)明文章主題。它可以是單詞，短語，也可以是句子。要確定文章標(biāo)題，首先，要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，考慮標(biāo)題是否與主題密切相關(guān)；其次，看標(biāo)題是否能概括全文內(nèi)容。不能只概括短文中的某些事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)；然后，要注意標(biāo)題范圍不應(yīng)太大或太??；最后，標(biāo)題應(yīng)簡練并能吸引讀者。即:1、獨(dú)特新穎  2、概括性強(qiáng) 3、短小精煉。

常見的標(biāo)題型題干：

1)  The best title/ headline for this passage might be________.

2)  The text (passage) could be entitled   ______.

3)  What is the best title for the passage?

4) What’s the topic of the article?

如：In the 1930s, a lot of people in theUSAwere out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”. However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial(商業(yè)性的)success.

Q: The text is mainly about________.

A. Lexico    B. Three men   C . A word game      D. Alfred Butts.

【解題思路】答案A 和C以偏概全。因此此題的正確答案應(yīng)為D。

2.主題句（topic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括

一篇文章一般表達(dá)一個(gè)中心內(nèi)容或主題。這個(gè)中心內(nèi)容或主題通常用一個(gè)句子來概括。此句叫做主題句。一般來說，說明文和議論文都有主題句，而且多位于文章的開頭，有時(shí)也位于文章的中間或末尾。但有時(shí)不能在文中直接找到主題句，要求讀者把握每段的主題句，弄清段于段之間邏輯關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上自己歸納總結(jié)。主題句必須能簡潔明了地概括全文的主要內(nèi)容，具有高度的綜合性和概括性。文章或段落的其他句子都是對(duì)主題句的進(jìn)一步解釋,說明,論證或擴(kuò)展.

常見的主題句和主旨型題干：

1) What is the topic sentence of the passage?

2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________.

3) Which of the following gives a general idea of the passage?

4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?
如：Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at theUniversityofParisand decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to theUniversityofBerlinand graduated with honors.HarvardLawSchooland, later,BostonCollegeprovided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer inMiami,Florida.

Q: What is the main idea of the passage? 

A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.         B. Bingham is a diligent student.

C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.  D. A good lawyer needs good education.

【解題思路】  此文沒有主題句。全篇共四句，只陳述了四個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)(detail)性的事實(shí)。因此就答案本身看，個(gè)個(gè)都對(duì)。讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，才能構(gòu)成一個(gè)沒有言明的主題思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：Joshua Bingham接受過良好的教育，所以答案是 Ｃ。

    總之，閱讀水平的提高不是一兩天的閱讀就可以見效的。想要提高閱讀能力，一是要培養(yǎng)良好的閱讀行為習(xí)慣；如：要用眼光看，不要用手指去點(diǎn)；要默讀，不要小聲讀。二是要積累大量的詞匯，把閱讀中的高頻難詞熟記，每次閱讀后要整理好生詞，然后記住其意思。三是要廣泛地做課后閱讀，堅(jiān)持每天讀1-2篇文章。四是不要一遇到生詞就查字典，要先猜其意義，等做完題目后再查字典，以免影響閱讀速度。

基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)

故事類                           (1)  Son’s Help
Mr. Lang worked in a factory. As a driver, he was busy but he was paid much. His wife was an able woman and did all the housework. When he came back, she took good care of him and he never did anything at home. So he had enough time when he had a holiday. A few friends of his liked gambling(賭博) and he learned it soon. So he was interested in it and hardly forgot anything except gambling. He lost all his money and later he began to sell the television, watches and so on. His wife told him not to do it but he didn’t listen to her. She had to tell the police. He and his friends were punished for it. And he was hardly sent away. After he came out of lockup(拘留所), he hated her very much and the woman had to leave him.
It was New Year’s Day. Mr. Lang didn’t go to work. He felt lonely and wanted to gamble again. He called his friends and they came soon. But they were afraid the police would come. He told his five-year-old son to go to find out if there were the policemen outside. They waited for a long time and didn’t think the police would come and began to gamble. Suddenly opened the door and in came a few policemen.
“I saw there weren’t any policemen outside, daddy,” said the boy, “so I went to the crossing and asked some to come.”
1. Mr. Lang was paid much because _______.
A. he was a driver             B. he worked in a factory
C. he had a lot of work to do     D. he had worked there for a long time
2. Mrs. Lang did all housework because _______.
A. she couldn’t find any work              B. she thought her husband was tired
C. her husband spent all time in gambling     D. she wouldn’t stop her husband gambling
3. _______, so he was put into lockup.
A. Mr. Lang often gambled               B. Mr. Lang was late for work
C. Mr. Lang didn’t help his wife at home    D. Mr. Lang wasn’t polite to the police
4. The woman had to leave Mr. Lang because _______.
A. he didn’t love her any longer      B. he wouldn’t stop gambling
C. he had been put into lockup       D. he was hardly sent away by the factory
5. Which of the following is right?
A. The boy hoped his father to be put into lockup again.
B. The boy thought his father needed some policemen.
C. The boy hoped his father to stop gambling soon.
D. The boy hoped his mother to come back.
【答案與解析】本文講一個(gè)賭棍想要賭錢，因此叫他的兒子把風(fēng)，可他的兒子卻把警察找來的故事。
1. C。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第1段第2句話 As a driver, he was busy but he was paid much 可知答案為 C。
2. B。推斷題。根據(jù)第1段第3句話 His wife was an able woman and did all the housework. When he came back, she took good care of him and he never did anything at home 可知答案為 B。
3. A。推斷題。根據(jù) His wife told him not to do it but he didn’t listen to her. She had to tell the police 可知答案為 A。
4. A。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù) …h(huán)e hated her very much and the woman had to leave him可知答案為 A。
5. B。語義理解題。根據(jù)最后一句話 I saw there weren’t any policeman outside, daddy, so I went to the crossing and asked some to come 可知答案為 B。

 

教育類                               （2）
Students in many countries are learning English. Some of these students are small children. Others are teen-agers. Many are adults. Some learn at school, others by themselves. A few learn English by learning the language over the radio, on TV, or in film. One must work hard to learn another language.
Why do all these people want to learn English? It is difficult to answer this question. Many boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their subjects required for study. They study their own language and maths and English: Some people learn it because it is useful for their work. Many people learn English for their work. Many people learn English for their higher studies, because at college or university some of their books are in English. Other people learn English because they want to read newspapers or magazines in English.
1. People learn English _______.
A. at school         B. over the radio         C. on TV         D. not all in the same way
2. Different kinds of people want to learn English _______.
A. together with other subjects         B. for different reas**
C. for their work                        D. for higher studies at colleges
3. From this passage we know that _______.
A. we can learn English easily          B. English is very difficult to learn
C. English is learned by most people in the world
D. English is a useful language but one must work hard to learn
4. Which of the following is right?
A. We don’t need to learn any foreign languages.
B. We can do well in all our work without English.
C. English is the most important subject in schools.
D. We should learn English because we need to face the world.
【答案與解析】這篇文章探究了學(xué)習(xí)英語熱潮的現(xiàn)象和發(fā)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因。
1. D。由第1段我們可以知道學(xué)習(xí)英語的形式可以over the radio, on TV, or in film等不同的方式。
2. B。根據(jù)第2段人們學(xué)習(xí)英語的原因有required for study, useful for their work, for high studies 等幾種。由此可推知人們學(xué)習(xí)英語的原因是不同的。
3. D。由于人們學(xué)習(xí)英語的各種原因可以發(fā)現(xiàn)英語是非常有用的。但從small children到adults(成年人)都用各種形式去學(xué)，說明英語必須靠人的努力才能學(xué)好。
4. D。由于文章中說很多國家都學(xué)習(xí)英語，那么如果不學(xué)習(xí)英語就不能融入現(xiàn)代社會(huì)。所以學(xué)習(xí)英語的目的是we need to face the world(我們需要面對(duì)這個(gè)世界)。