學習目標:
1. 學習v-ing在句中作定語、狀語的功能，探究并掌握其中規律
2. 能運用所學知識
重點：
1. 復習非謂語的相關概念
2. 理解現在分詞的含義、特點、形式
3. 掌握現在分詞的時間性、語法性
難點：
總結并能運用v-ing 的語法規律
【課前預習案】
使用方法&學習建議
課前預習案詳細講解了v-ing的含義，特點，功能及相關的語法概念。了解這些知識與概念將有助于我們對新知識的快速理解，減少學習障礙。請在課前仔細研讀，熟知各概念及用法。
在閱讀的過程中，請按照要求完成相應題目。如有疑惑之處，請標識，將在課堂討論時研究解決。
一、現在分詞概說
1. 含義：現在分詞（Present Participle，又稱v-ing形式、現在進行式) ，是分詞的一種。 它在句子里面不能單獨充當謂語。但它具備v/n/adj./adv.的特征，因此能充當其它 的一些成分（主語、賓語、表語、補語、定語和狀語）。
2. 特點：現在分詞表示主動和進行。
3. 現在分詞的形式：
V-ing有一般式和完成式。及物動詞的-ing有主動語態和被動語態，而不及物動詞的V-ing則沒有被動語態?，F在以及物動詞make 和不及物動詞go為例，將其v-ing各種形式列表如下：
|
動詞 語態 形式 |
及物動詞make |
不及物動詞go |
|
|
主動語態 |
被動語態 |
主動語態 |
|
|
一般式 |
making |
being made |
going |
|
完成式 |
having made |
having been made |
having gone |
注意： V-ing的否定形式是由not加V-ing構成。如：
Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.
Not knowing how to work out the math problem, I went to the teacher for help.
二、現在分詞的功能
1. 現在分詞作定語
1） 定語：修飾名詞或代詞
2） 定語從句：用一個句子來修飾名詞或代詞
3） 現在分詞作定語：用現在分詞來修飾名詞或代詞，分前置定語(位于所修飾詞的前面) 和后置定語（位于所修飾詞的后面）
4） 現在分詞短語作定語：用現在分詞短語修飾名詞或代詞，在意義上相當于定語從句
練一練：（找出v-ing, 及所修飾的詞）
eg. She recognized the Tony’s smiling face.
句中 smiling 修飾 face, 在句中作 前置 定語
1. We were all nervous about the approaching examinations.
句中_____________修飾_____________,在句中作____________定語
2. He rushed into the burning house.
句中_____________修飾_____________,在句中作____________定語
3. The room facing south is our classroom.
句中_____________修飾_____________,在句中作____________定語
4. The factory making toys is run by neighborhood committee.
句中_____________修飾_____________,在句中作____________定語
5. The shaking building showed us that an earthquake was coming.
句中_____________修飾_____________,在句中作____________定語
2. 現在分詞作狀語
1） 狀語的功能：狀語說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結果、條件、方向、程度、方式和 伴隨狀況等。
2） 現在分詞短語作狀語：動詞-ing形式作狀語可以修飾謂語動詞或整個句子，在意義上 相當于狀語從句
練一練：觀察下列句子中v-ing 作狀語的用法
1. Seeing (= When he saw ) a note on the ground, the stranger picked it up.
v-ing形式作 狀語， 相當于一個時間狀語從句
2. Being late (= As he was late ) , he could not be allowed to join in the activity.
v-ing形式作 狀語， 相當于一個原因狀語從句
3. Mr. Brown was killed in an accident, leaving (=and left) behind a wife and child.
v-ing形式作 狀語，表示一種必然的結果,常置于句末，可擴展成一個含有并列 謂語的簡單句
4. The stranger was walking through the village, looking ( = and looked) this way and that.
v-ing形式作 狀語，其表示的動作伴隨主句謂語動作同時發生
5. Knowing ( = Although he knew ) all this , guard didn't let me enter the lecture hall.
v-ing形式作 狀語，相當于一個讓步狀語從句
6. Working (= If you work ) harder, you will make great progress.
v-ing形式作 狀語，相當于一個條件狀語從句
【課堂探究案】
使用方法&學習建議
探究案是在了解掌握基本概念的基礎上，研究v-ing在句中的用法及應注意的問題。找出其中的規律并練習解決實際問題，以提高解題能力。
在課堂探究的過程中，請組成學習小組（4~6人/ 組），共同研究學案中所提出的問題，以預習學案中的概念為基礎，完成題目，找出規律并歸納總結。各小組選出發言人，負責在班級展示研究成果。
探究一：現在分詞的時態
v-ing在句中也有自己的時態變化，分別表達不同的含義。請觀察下列句子中v–ing 的時態變化及其含義。
1. Playing in the park, I met my friend Tom
2. Having finished the letter, he went to post it.
思考：
1. Playing (doing)是現在分詞的___________式；Having finished (having done)是現在分詞 的_____________式。
2. 現在分詞Playing 與 謂語動詞met之間是否在時間上存在先后順序？
3. 現在分詞Having finished 與 謂語動詞went 之間是否在時間上存在先后順序？
總結：doing 與 having done 之間的區別
練一練：
1. He got up late and hurried to his office, _________the breakfast untouched.
A.left B.to leave C.leaving D.having left
2. _____________ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed
3. Last Sunday，my cousin sent me an e-mail ________me to his birthday party.
A. invited B. inviting C. to invite D. having invited
4. __________ his telephone number, we had to call his father first.
A. Not knowing B. Not having known C. Knowing not D. Having not known
探究二：現在分詞的語法性
分詞的特點是可以表達主動和進行，但是在一些句子中不但要表達進行還要表達被動。請回想預習案中分詞的被動形式。
1. 分詞的語法性：指使用現在分詞的主動式還是被動式，主要取決于現在分詞和句子之間 的關系，句子的主語就是分詞的邏輯主語。
2. 邏輯主語：從語法上講，只有句子的謂語動詞才有資格有自己的語法上的主語，就是我 們平時所說的主語。如果該動詞作的不是謂語動詞，那么，它的施動者就不 能被稱為主語，只能被稱為邏輯主語。
觀察下列句子中v–ing 形式的用法
① Having been shown around the school, they were very happy.
② Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
思考：
在①句中，由having been shown構成的分詞短語，與句子的主語_________存在________關系；在②句中，由having finished構成的分詞短語，與句子的主語_________存在________關系。
總結：如何判斷分詞的語法性？
練一練：
1. The decision________, what is to be done now is how to carry it out.
A. is made B. has been made C. having been made D. having made
2. Look around when ________ the street.
A. cross B. crossing C. to cross D. crossed
3. _________many times, he finally understood it.
A. Tell B. Telling C. Having told D. Having been told
4. It rained heavily in the south, ________ serious flooding in several provinces.
A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause
5. While watching television, ______.
A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
探究三：現在分詞的解題步驟
在老師的引導下完成下列題目，注意老師的解題思路與步驟
1. The old man, ________abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
A. to work B. working C. works D. having worked
2. _________the windows and doors, the students left the room.
A. Being closed B. Closed C. Having closed D. To close
3. _______the exam, little Tom didn’t dare to face his angry father.
A. Not passing B. Not having passed
C. Not passed D. Having not passed
4. _______ such heavy loss in the hurricane, the farmer didn’t expect to have a good harvest.
A. Suffering B. Having suffered
C. Being suffered D. Having been suffered
總結
第一步：分析句子結構，辨別_____________ 第二步：找__________________
第三步：分析________________ 第四步：分析________________
【課堂檢測】
請運用我們學到的知識完成下面的練習，看看我們學到了些什么
一、用所給動詞的適當形式填空
1. ________(walk) along, I met John.
2. ________(feel) hungry, the animal hunts for food.
3. The poet walked along the bank, _________(sing) a sorrowful songs.
4. While _________ (pick) flowers, the child was stung by a wasp.
5. He left his children __________(play) in the street.
二、單句改錯
1. Having not seen the film, I can’t tell you what I think of it.
2. The men worked for extra hours got an extra pay.
3. Seen from the top of the hill, we find the city more beautiful.
4. “Can’t you read?” the man said, angrily pointed to the notice on the wall.
5. European football is played in 80 countries, made it the most popular sport in the world.
